Education and Degrees
To become a NASA astronaut, you need at least a master’s degree in a STEM field such as engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science, or mathematics. Some astronauts have even earned a doctorate or a medical degree. Strong grades and a deep understanding of science and math are essential because astronauts must understand complex equipment and run scientific experiments in space. Many astronauts were engineers, scientists, doctors, or military pilots before they joined the space program. Reading, writing, and communication skills are also important because astronauts must explain their work clearly to teams on the ground.
Physical Fitness Requirements
Astronauts must be in excellent physical shape to handle the demands of space travel. NASA requires astronaut candidates to pass a rigorous physical examination, including having good eyesight that can be corrected to 20/20 vision. Candidates must also have blood pressure that does not exceed 140/90 when measured in a sitting position. Living in microgravity causes muscles and bones to weaken, so astronauts must exercise about two hours every day while in space. Physical fitness training on Earth includes swimming, running, and strength exercises to prepare the body for the stresses of launch, reentry, and life aboard the space station.
The Application and Selection Process
NASA selects new astronaut classes only every few years, and the competition is intense. In 2017, NASA received over 18,300 applications but chose only 12 people to join the astronaut corps. Applicants must be U.S. citizens and meet strict education and experience requirements, including at least 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft or at least three years of professional experience in their field. After reviewing applications, NASA invites a small group of finalists for interviews, medical screenings, and team exercises at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. The entire selection process can take over a year from start to finish.
Astronaut Training
Once selected, astronaut candidates enter about two years of basic training before they can be assigned to a mission. Training includes learning to operate spacecraft systems, practicing spacewalks in a huge underwater pool called the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, and studying robotics to control the space station’s robotic arm. Candidates also take survival training in case their spacecraft lands in a remote area on Earth, learning skills like wilderness survival and water rescue. They study Russian language because astronauts often fly to space aboard Russian Soyuz spacecraft and work alongside Russian cosmonauts on the International Space Station.
Skills Beyond Science
Being smart and fit is not enough to become an astronaut — teamwork and leadership skills are just as important. Astronauts live and work in small, cramped spaces with their crewmates for months at a time, so they need to get along well with others. Problem-solving under pressure is a critical skill because things can go wrong quickly in space, and there is no easy way to get help. Astronauts must also be skilled communicators, explaining technical information to mission control and sometimes speaking to students and the public. Many astronauts say that staying calm, being adaptable, and having a positive attitude are some of the most valuable traits for the job.
Life on the International Space Station
Astronauts typically spend about six months living on the International Space Station during a mission. The station orbits Earth at roughly 17,500 miles per hour, completing one orbit every 90 minutes, which means astronauts see about 16 sunrises and sunsets every day. Daily life includes conducting science experiments, maintaining equipment, exercising, eating specially prepared meals, and communicating with mission control. Sleeping in space is different because there is no up or down — astronauts zip themselves into sleeping bags attached to the wall so they do not float around. Despite being far from home, astronauts stay connected with family through video calls and email.
How You Can Prepare Today
You do not have to wait until you are an adult to start preparing for a career as an astronaut. Studying math, science, and technology in school builds the foundation you will need for a STEM degree later on. Joining clubs like robotics, science olympiad, or coding groups helps develop teamwork and problem-solving skills. Staying active in sports and outdoor activities keeps your body strong and builds the physical fitness astronauts need. NASA also offers programs like Space Camp and student competitions that let young people experience what astronaut training is like firsthand.
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